What causes a Bitcoin transaction to show 0 confirmations?

A transaction with 0 confirmations is currently sitting in the mempool waiting for a miner to include it in a block. If the network is congested and the transaction's sat/vB fee rate is below current block averages, it will wait until fees decrease.

On-Chain Verification

Bitcoin Transaction Confirmation Checker

Verify block inclusion, confirmation depth, sat/vB fee rate paid, and finality status directly from the Bitcoin network.

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Check Hardware Wallet

Bitcoin Confirmations FAQ

For retail purchases, 1 confirmation (~10 minutes) is usually considered sufficient. For high-value transactions or exchange deposits, 3 to 6 confirmations (~30 to 60 minutes) ensure irreversible settlement.